美国医院内部大解剖

美国医院内部大解剖

 

一.医院:开放的外观、封闭的内部结构:

  不管是临街而建,还是有独立小道进入的医院,美国的医院大楼从外观上是开放式的,没有围墙和门岗。如同留学生们熟悉的美国校园那样,无正二八经的校门和围墙。

 

  有两个入口进入医院:紧急通道( Emergency Entrance )和正门入口( Main Entrance )。看急诊时直接开进紧急通道( Emergency Entrance ),直达急诊室( ER:Emergency Room 或称ED :Emergency Department );当天手术/ 当天检测/ 交费/ 探望病人时由正门( Main Entrance )或与多层停车场相连的边门入内。当然从正门进去看急诊也不违规。

 

医院可能是单独的一栋高层大楼(小医院),也可能是连接的综合楼群。楼楼相通,且是封闭式的。担架( Stretcher) 、轮椅( wheelchair )或步行均可通往各楼各层各检验室。另外,病房内的窗户未经许可,不可擅自打开。因为有些病房是密封、负压设计的,为防止空气传播的某些疾病,如TB (肺结核病)的传播。而中国的医院恰好相反。国内的大部分老式医院有较封闭式的围墙和门卫和开放式的独立小楼拍片、做CT Scan 或抽血化验等,奔来波去,经风雨见阳光。(这里只是单纯地比较。无意评论两国医院的优劣。一切习惯了就好!)

 

  二.住院部:

在美国看病,若不是急诊,一般要预约,在自己所选的家庭医生的诊所( Clinics or office )或由家庭医生转的专科医生诊所得到诊治。急诊或家庭医生认为你必须马上住院,就进医院治疗。所以美国的医院实际上是急诊室和住院部。当然现在的综合医院也提供当天就能回家的简单手术室/ 中心( Outpatient One-day Surgery Suite/Center )和对外开放的各种X-ray ,  CT Scan ,  MRI ,  EEG ,  EGD/Colonoscopy , 抽血化验等服务项目(外面诊所的医生开的检验处方)。

 

  三.布局与分科:

  进入大门,迎接你的就是醒目的问 讯 处( Information Desk ),紧挨着的可能是顾客服务台( Customer Service ) --- 专门受理患者或家属对医院服务不满的地方。严重的案件可直达医院的CEO/ 医护人员的Director 。左边或右边会是Main Lobby (主厅堂),有椅子和小卖部提供咖啡、其它饮料及点心。另外还有登记处( Registry )、交费处( Cashier )、礼品小卖部( Gift Shop )、保安部( Security )、急诊室( ER )和相邻的重症监护室( ICU :Intensive Care Unit )、对外的药房( Pharmacy )(医院内部的药房一般在底层的地下室,和餐厅、供电、供应/ 维修及化验室/ 血库等部门一起。)、当天的手术室( Outpatient Surgery Suite/Center )和影像室( Image Center/Radiology Department )等,按医院格局的大小而分布不同。

 

  急诊室里有专门的护士(叫Triage Nurse )接待你,按病情的轻重缓急分类处理。心脏病、中风脑溢血、枪伤或大出血等紧急状况最先处理。轻微的病人有时候可能等上3-4 小时后才能看到医生。人多忙碌时等上个6-7 小时也不足奇。

 

  除急诊医生和护士外,你在ER 里可能还遇到:

  1. 护士助理( PCT: Patient Care Technician 或称PCA :Patient Care Associate ):帮你量体温、血压等指标,叫Vital Sign 。或送饭或扶你下床、上厕所等……

  2. 抽血者( Phlebotomist ):受训过的专业 抽血人员来到你的跟前采血。但紧急时护士会自己先采样送检。

  3. 放射科人员( Radiologic technologists and technicians ):为你做x-ray ,CT 或MRI 等检测。

  4. 呼吸治疗师(Respirtory Therapist ):帮助呼吸系统更有效地呼吸,采血检测ABG(Arterial Blood Gases)。是重症监护室( ICU )的一个重要成员。

  5. 急诊专科医生或手术医生/ 麻醉师: 根据病情,医院有专门的Emergency Team ,有的病人必须马上手术或由专科处理。

 

  一般情况,你将在ER 被观察几小时,根据病情的轻重,或出院或住院。重症病人立即转到重症监护室( ICU ),其他的按病症分到各科室,称Unit 。

 

  各科按楼按层用代号取名。一般用大楼的捐助者的姓氏的第一字母或ABC 字母或楼群的“东西南北”走向命名。如:C wing 的楼层称C1 ,C2 ,C3……South 方向的称1S ,2S ,3S…… 朝东的称E1 ,E2 ,E3…… 等等。你到达那一层时,会看到标示: or ( Operating Room ),  PACU ( Post Anesthesia Care Unit ) ,  Cardiac/Pulmonary Unit ,  Stroke Unit ,  Pediatrics ,  Oncology Unit ,  Dialysis Center ,  Sleep Center ,  Wound Care Center 等…… 但有的医院除了明显标示ER ,ICU , or 外,却以代号标示其它的Units ---为方便内部电话/Page System 紧急联络和定位,你询问时才告诉你具体的科名。但产科例外,几乎所有的医院都醒目地标着:Women’s Center 或Birth Center 。也许是因为产妇从某种意义上来说不算病人,且迎接的又是新生命,极少死亡或加护,所以总是令人兴奋、欢喜的缘故吧。

 

  得到急诊医生的处理、住进相应的科室( Unit )后,根据医院的不同设置和管理体系,你可能见到你的家庭医生( PCP :Primary Care Physician )--- 他/ 她是这家医院的合约医生;或者医院指定一医生给你,叫Hospitalist( 驻诊医师)---他/ 她替代你的家庭医生为你服务;或者医院指定一专科医生( Specialist )--- 比如心、肺、肾、骨科专科或肿瘤专科等。

 

  医院根据自己的大小和医护人员的配备,会列出它的服务范围( Programs and Services ),各有增减、各有强项/优势。

 

  举例:

  *Emergency Room

  *Radiology

  *Plastic Surgery

  *General/Vascular Surgery

  *Neurosurgery/Neurology

  *Radiation-Oncology

  *Orthopedics

  *Dermatology

  *Gastroenterology

  *Urology

  *Cardiology

  *OB/GYN

  *Ophthalmology

  *Otorhinolaryngology

  *Internal Medicine

  *Geriatrics

  *Family Medicine

  *Psychiatry

........

 

  四.外科医生和一些专科医生的分类与介绍(供新移民参考。):

  1.外科医生(Surgeon):

  1) General surgery 普通外科 :

  a) Cardiothoracic surgery 心胸肺外科

  b) Colorectal surgery 结肠直肠外科

  c) Pediatric surgery 小儿外科

  d) Plastic surgery 整形手术

  e)Vascular surgery 血管外科

  f) Trauma surgery 创伤外科

  g) Breast surgery 乳腺外科

  h)Surgical Oncology 肿瘤外科

  i) Endocrine surgery 内分泌外科

  j)Dermatological Surgery 皮肤科手术

  2) Otolaryngology 耳鼻喉科

  3)Oral and maxillofacial surgery 口腔颌面外科

  4)Orthopaedic surgery 矫形外科

  5)Neurosurgery 神经外科

  6)Ophthalmology 眼科

  7)Podiatric surgery 足外科

  8)Urology 泌尿外科

  ......

  (注:与外科医生密切配合的是Anesthesiologist 麻醉师。In the United States, anesthesiologists are physicians (MD or DO) who have chosen to specialize in anesthesiology。当然有的时候有Nurse Anesthetist或Anesthesiologist's Assistants来担负/协助麻醉。他们的工作十分重要。想一想,总要把病人麻倒了,外科医生的牛刀才能上啊!:))

 

  2.专科医生:

 

Specialist

Specialty

Focus

Anesthesiologist

麻醉师

Anesthesia

Anesthesia : the administration of drugs to dull sensation or awareness.

Cardiologist

心脏科医生

Cardiology

Disease of the cardiovascular system . The field is commonly divided into sub-disciplines dealing with congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology.

Dermatologist

皮肤科医生

Dermatology

Skin and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands etc).

Emergency MD

急诊医生

Emergency medicine

The initial management of emergent medical conditions, often in hospital emergency departments or the field.

Endocrinologist

内分泌科医生

Endocrinology

The endocrine system (i.e. endocrine glands and hormones) and its diseases, including diabetes and thyroid diseases.

Family MD

家庭医生

Family medicine

Continuing, comprehensive health care for the individual and family, integrating the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to treat patients of all ages, sexes, organ systems, and diseases.

Gastroenterologist

胃肠科医生

Gastroenterology

The alimentary tract.

Geriatrician

老年病专科医师

Geriatrics

Elderly patients.

Hematologist

血液学家

Hematology

The Blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hematology is grouped with oncology in the US.

Hepatologist

肝脏病学家

Hepatology

The Liver and biliary tract, usually a part of gastroenterology.

Infectious disease MD

传染病学家

Infectious disease

Diseases caused by biological agents

Intensive care medicine MD

重症监护医师

Intensive care medicine

Life support and management of critically ill patients, often in an ICU.

Nephrologist

肾脏专科医师

Nephrology

Kidney disease.

Neurologist

神经科医师

Neurology

Diseases involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.

Obstetrician and Gynecologist

妇产科医生

Obstetrics and gynecology

Female reproductive organs, pregnancy, and childbirth.

Oncologist

肿瘤学家/ 肿瘤科医生

Oncology

Cancer and other malignant diseases, often grouped with hematology.

Palliative care MD

舒缓疗法专家

Palliative care

A relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure.

Pathologist

病理学家

Pathology

Understanding disease through examination of molecules, cells, tissues and organs. The term encompasses both the medical specialty which uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information, as well as the related scientific study of disease processes.

Pediatrician

儿科医生

Pediatrics

deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 16-21, depending on the country).

Proctologist

肛肠科医生

Proctology

Disease in the rectum, anus, and colon.

Psychiatrist

精神病科医生

Psychiatry

The bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related non-medical fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology.

Pulmonologist

肺科医生

Pulmonology

The lungs and respiratory system. Pulmonology is generally considered a branch of internal medicine, although it is closely related to intensive care medicine when dealing with patients requiring mechanical ventilation.

Radiologist

放射科医师

Radiology

The use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis. X-rays, etc.

Rheumatologist

风湿病科医生

Rheumatology

Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the joints and other organ systems, such as arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.

      

    另外,不能列入专科医生里的有各类的有处方权的Physician's Assistants和Nurse Practitioners。他们协助医生为你服务。其中一些人相当优秀,经验十足。

  

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