GMAT逻辑学习方法(2)

例2、
Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members’ inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Therefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.
The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if which of the following were inserted into the argument as an additional premise?
(A) Royalties from inventions are higher than royalties from educational software programs.
(B) Faculty members are more likely to produce educational software programs than inventions.
(C) Inventions bring more prestige to universities that do books and articles.
(D) In the experience of most universities, educational software programs are more marketable that are books and articles.
(E) In terms of the criteria used to award royalties, educational software programs are more nearly comparable to books and articles than to inventions.

翻译:
尽管大部分大学拥有了他们教员发明的版税,但是教员却拥有他们所写的书和论文的版税,因此教员应该拥有他们所开发的计算机软件的版税。
问:下面哪一项作为一个附加的前提被加上的话,上面的结论将会被推出?
(A) 发明的版税比教育软件的版税要高;
(B) 教员更有可能做出教育软件,而不是发明;
(C) 发明带给了出书和文章的大学更高的威望;
(D) 大部分大学的经验当中,教育软件比起书和论文更容易市场化;
(E) 根据过去给的版税标准,教育软件和书、论文的相似程度比起发明更大一些。
答案:E

分析:
这篇文章阅读起来是有困难的,关键是看不懂“书、论文”和“教育软件”之间的关系,但这正是我们要注意的,因为推导缺陷就在于此,假设的答案也就产生于此处。E 选项说明了教育软件和书、论文两者之间的关系,所以是正确答案。

2、白痴原则

对于常识的把握是我们和美国人最大的区别。美国人讲究“逻辑推理”(当然本身由于从小的教育,常识也就少一些),我们讲究“常识推理”,而GMAT的题目是ETS按照美国人的思维方式来出的,我们应该注意减少常识,这样才能避免错误和迅速定位答案。我们来看一个例子。

例3、
Samples from a ceramic vase found at a tomb in Sicily prove that the vase was manufactured in    Greece. Since the occupant of the tomb died during the reign of a Sicilian ruler who lived 2,700 years ago, the location of the vase indicates that there was trade between Sicily and Greece 2,700 years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Sicilian potters who lived during the reign of the ruler did not produce work of the same level of quality as did Greek potters.
(B) Sicilian clay that was used in the manufacture of pottery during the ruler’s reign bore little      resemblance to Greek clay used to manufacture pottery at that time.
(C) At the time that the occupant of the tomb was alive, there were ships capable of transporting      large quantities of manufactured goods between Sicily and Greece.
(D) The vase that was found at the Sicilian tomb was not placed there many generations later by descendants of the occupant of the tomb.
(E) The occupant of the tomb was not a member of the royal family to which the Sicilian ruler belonged.

翻译:
在西西里的一个坟墓中发现的陶瓷花瓶的取样证明这个花瓶是在希腊生产的。因为坟墓的主人死于2700年前西西里某位君王的统治时期,所以这个花瓶的位置表明在2700年前西西里和希腊之间就已经有贸易了。
(A) 生活在那位君王统治时期的西西里陶工生产的产品质量和希腊的陶工不同。
(B) 在那位君王统治时期生产陶器所使用的西西里粘土和同时期的希腊粘土不太相似。
(C) 在坟墓的主人活着的时候,有船只能够运送西西里和希腊之间的商品。
(D) 在西西里坟墓中发现的这个花瓶不是由坟墓主人的后代在隔了好几代以后放进去的。
(E) 坟墓的主人不是那位君王的王室家族的成员。

分析:
所谓的假设assumption是指文章成立所必须的条件。大家可以看一下(C)和(D)选项,(C)说在坟墓的主人生前,有船只在希腊和西西里之间运送商品。而我们从文中根本得不到希腊和西西里之间的运输方式,即使你是一位优秀的地理学家(知道丰富的地理常识),知道这两国当年是地中海的两个岛国,必须是海上贸易。但是在文中没有说明的情况下,我们只能认为希腊和西西里之间可以用任意方式贸易,比如陆地甚至航空。所以(C)选项中的海上运输不是文章成立所必须的条件,当然就不是假设。(D)选项说花瓶并不是由坟墓主人的后代放进去的,排除了一种反驳的可能性,即“排除削弱型”的假设,是文章成立的必要条件,并没有加入任何的常识。从这道题大家可以看见美国人的思维的白痴性,这或许正是西方科学成功的原因(即用逻辑推理来代替常识)。当然我们不仅要赞赏这一点,而且基于ETS是按此规律出题的,我们也必须遵守白痴思维的原则,才能获取高分。

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